Pendimethalin

Pendimethalin is an orally active herbicide that controls annual grasses and certain broadleaf weeds. Pendimethalin induces Apoptotic cell death through activating ER stress-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Pendimethalin (50 and 100 μM , 24 h) induces significant decreases of cell viability, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, ER stress and autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction in human vascular endothelial cells (HUVECs )^[2].
Pendimethalin (25-100 μM , 6 h) represses migration and tube formation by HUVECs^[2].
Pendimethalin (50-200 μM, 3 h) exhibits DNA damage in human lymphocytes^[3].
In Vivo:Pendimethalin (12.5-50 mg/kg, oral gavage, daily for 14 days) exhibits DNA damage in rat bone-marrow cells, decreases the levels of GSH, CAT and increases the levels of LPO in rats^[3].
Pendimethalin (62.5-250 mg/kg, p.o., daily for 14 days) induces oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats as indicated by noticeable decrease in SOD, CAT, GSH and GST levels and elevated levels of TBARS and carbonyl contents leading to liver and kidney injury, which shows activated kupfer cells and leukocyte infltrations, large cytoplasmic vacuolization and dilatation in blood sinusoids^[4].
Pendimethalin (62.5-250 mg/kg, p.o., daily for 14 days) results in a manifest up regulation of anti-infammatory and apoptosis markers, TNF-α, IFN-γ, Bax and Caspases-3 as well as down-regulation of Bcl-2, and a signifcant up-regulation of mRNA expression of the TNF-α gene intensity in rats^[4].