trans-Aconitic acid

trans-Aconitic acid is an orally active aconitase inhibitor that non-competitively inhibits the conversion of citric acid to cis-aconitic acid and competitively inhibits the conversion of cis-aconitic acid to isocitric acid. trans-Aconitic acid inhibits the growth of Leishmania donovani promastigotes, the transformation of Leishmania donovani amastigotes to promastigotes, and the in vitro proliferation of Leishmania donovani amastigotes within macrophages in vitro. trans-Aconitic acid can be used in research related to visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:trans-Aconitic acid (10-20 mM; duration of culture) inhibits the growth of Leishmania donovani (strain MHOH/IN/88/DD8) promastigotes when used at 10 mM and 20 mM concentrations in Ray’s liquid medium^[1].
trans-Aconitic acid (2-20 mM; 24-96 h) potently inhibits the in vitro transformation of Leishmania donovani (strain MHOH/IN/88/DD8) amastigotes to promastigotes, with 60-99% inhibition at 2-10 mM and complete inhibition at 20 mM over 96 h^[1].
trans-Aconitic acid (2-10 mM; 4 days) inhibits the in vitro multiplication of Leishmania donovani (strain MHOH/IN/88/DD8) amastigotes in BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages, with 60-83% inhibition at 2-10 mM concentrations over 4 days, and reduces the percentage of infected macrophages in a concentration-dependent manner^[1].
trans-Aconitic acid (5-10 mM; 48-72 h) at 5 mM and 10 mM concentrations has no significant effect on the viability of BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages after 48 or 72 h of incubation^[1].
trans-Aconitic acid (5-20 mM; up to 168 h) inhibits in vitro growth of L. donovani promastigotes in a dose-dependent manner, with this inhibitory effect reversible by equimolar cis-aconitic acid or citrate^[2].
trans-Aconitic acid (2-10 mM; up to 120 h) inhibits in vitro transformation of L. donovani amastigotes to promastigotes, with 2 mM causing 95.2% inhibition and 10 mM causing complete inhibition^[2].
trans-Aconitic acid (5-10 mM; 5 days) inhibits in vitro multiplication of L. donovani amastigotes within BALB/c mouse peritoneal macrophages, with 5 mM causing 59.5% reduction in amastigotes per macrophage and 10 mM causing 85.1% reduction^[2]. In Vivo:trans-Aconitic acid (200-400 mg/kg/day; i.p.; daily; 15 days) reduces liver parasite burden in L. donovani-infected hamsters by 70% at 200 mg/kg/day and 99% at 400 mg/kg/day when administered intraperitoneally daily for 15 days^[1].
trans-Aconitic acid (up to 2000 mg/kg; i.p.) causes no acute mortality in BALB/c mice at intraperitoneal doses up to 2000 mg/kg^[1].
trans-Aconitic acid (200-400 mg/kg/day; p.o.; i.p.; i.m.; daily; 20 consecutive days) dose-dependently suppresses spleen parasite burden in hamsters with established visceral leishmaniasis, with up to 99.6% suppression at 400 mg/kg/day via the intramuscular route, and reduces infection-related organ weight increases to near normal levels^[2].
trans-Aconitic acid (200-400 mg/kg/day; p.o.; daily; 5 consecutive days) dose-dependently suppresses spleen parasite burden in hamsters with 8-day acute visceral leishmaniasis, with 98.5% suppression at 400 mg/kg/day via oral administration^[2].
trans-Aconitic acid (200-400 mg/kg/day; p.o.; daily; 20 consecutive days) dose-dependently suppresses spleen parasite burden in hamsters with 30-day established visceral leishmaniasis, with 99.8% suppression at 400 mg/kg/day via oral administration^[2].
Trans-aconitic acid (2.5-10 mM; hydroponic exposure; 3 times (days 10, 12, 14 of cultivation)) inhibits Glycine max growth and photosynthesis in a dose- and time-dependent manner, with 10 mM causing the most severe effects including 64% reduced root fresh weight, 56% reduced Φₚₛᵢᵢ, and 77% reduced nutrient solution uptake^[4].