Eleutheroside E

Eleutheroside E is an important component of ginseng that can be taken orally. Eleutheroside E has anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and it helps reduce apoptosis in heart cells caused by hypoxia-reoxygenation (H/R) damage. Eleutheroside E can improve type 2 diabetes, enhance cognitive function, and has neuroprotective effects^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Eleutheroside E (10 μM, 24 h) increases insulin-induced glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes and improves the inhibition of glucose uptake by TNF-α in 3T3-L1 adipocytes^[1].
Eleutheroside E (0-100 μM, 3 h) enhances cell viability in H9c2 cells subjected to H/R injury^[2].
Eleutheroside E (0-100 μM, 12 h) has a protective effect against apoptosis in H9c2 cells induced by H/R injury^[2].
Eleutheroside E (100 μM, 12 h) boosts antioxidant capacity in H9c2 cells^[2].
Eleutheroside E (100 μM, 12 h) blocks the MAPK pathway and inhibits the activation of NF-κB^[2]. In Vivo:Eleutheroside E (0.003%, oral, daily, for five weeks) improves liver glucose metabolism in obese type 2 diabetes mice by upregulating glycolysis and downregulating gluconeogenesis^[1].
Eleutheroside E (15-60 mg/kg, oral, once daily, three weeks) alleviates arthritis in a collagen-induced arthritis mouse model^[3].
Eleutheroside E (50 mg/kg, oral, once daily, four weeks) prevents cognitive deficits caused by radiation in mice^[4].