Phosphorylcholine

Phosphatidylcholine is the main phospholipid component in eukaryotic biofilms. Phosphatidylcholine exists in commensal or pathogenic bacteria associated with eukaryotes in prokaryotes. Phosphorylcholine exhibits a surprising range of immunomodulatory properties^[1]. In Vitro:Phosphorylcholine is a component of drug delivery micelles, which improves the efficiency of cellular internalization and increases the cytotoxicity of cytotoxins carried in micelles in HeLa cells^[2]. In Vivo:Phosphorylcholine (200-600 μmol/kg; ip; single dose) activates nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic neurotransmission, stimulates the activation of α2-adrenergic receptors, and increases plasma glucagon and choline concentrations, thereby stimulating peripheral autonomic nervous system activity^[3].
Phosphorylcholine (2 μg; ip; once every two weeks for 4 months) induces the production of anti-PC and anti-oxLDL antibodies, increases mature B cells in the spleen, and reduces atherosclerotic lesions in the aortic root in mouse models^[4].