Glycocyamine

Glycocyamine is a direct precursor of creatine and an orally active energy metabolism regulator and myogenic differentiation inducer. Glycocyamine can activate the Akt/mTOR/S6K signaling pathway via miR-133a-3p and miR-1a-3p, and stimulate the mRNA expression of myogenic differentiation factor 1 (MyoD) and myopoietin (MyoG). Glycocyamine can increase muscle creatine concentration and maintain ATP homeostasis through the creatine phosphate/creatine kinase system. Glycocyamine can be used in research on feed additives for poultry farming^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Glycocyamine promotes myoblast differentiation and skeletal muscle development in mouse C2C12 cells via miRNA-mediated activation of the AKT/mTOR/S6K signalling pathway^[1]. In Vivo:Glycocyamine (0.6-1.2 g/kg; p.o.; ad libitum in feed; grow-out period) supplementation at 0.6 to 1.2 g/kg in broiler diets dose-dependently increases muscle creatine by 14-21%, improves FCR by 4.5-8.8 points, enhances energy metabolism, and reduces dietary arginine requirements^[1].
Glycocyamine (0.6-2.4 g/kg; p.o.; ad libitum in feed; breeding period) supplementation at 1.4 g/kg optimises meat-type quail breeder fertility, reducing embryonic mortality and improving egg hatchability, while enhancing progeny performance via increased creatine transfer^[1].
Glycocyamine (0.6 g/kg; p.o.; ad libitum in feed; day 11 to 24 of age) supplementation at 0.6 g/kg improves tibia flexibility and energy absorption in male broiler chicks, supporting skeletal development^[1].
Glycocyamine (p.o.; ad libitum in feed) supplementation improves growth performance and energy utilisation in turkeys fed all-vegetable diets^[1].
Glycocyamine (up to 600-800 mg/kg feed; oral; via diet) increases breast muscle creatine and ATP content and improves growth and performance in chickens^[2].
Glycocyamine (0.06-0.78% of diet; p.o.; ad libitum; 9 days) produces consistent improvements in weight gain and feed efficiency in young male New Hampshire × Columbian chicks fed arginine-deficient semi-purified diets, with greater efficacy observed in Arg-deficient versus Arg-adequate diets^[3].