Linuron

Linuron is a phenylurea herbicide widely used to control the growth of grasses and weeds in various crops and orchards. Linuron acts as a photosystem II inhibitor. It also functions as an orally active competitive androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, with an EC₅₀ of 200 μM and a K_i of 100 μM against rat AR, and an EC₅₀ of 20 μM against human AR. Linuron exhibits reproductive toxicity in animals and acts as an endocrine disruptor^[1][2][3][4]. IC50 & Target:Ki: 100 μM (Androgen receptor)^[2]
Photosystem II^[4] In Vitro:Linuron (10 mg/L; 5 days) inhibits growth of green and etiolated Secale cereale L. cv. Dankowskie Zlote seedlings at 22 °C, but increases seedling biomass at 15 °C and 29 °C, while reducing seedling moisture content at 22 °C^[4].
Linuron (10 mg/L; 5 days) increases alkylresorcinol content in green and etiolated Secale cereale L. cv. Dankowskie Zlote seedlings at 29 °C, decreases content at 22 °C, and has no significant effect at 15 °C^[4].
Linuron (10 mg/L; 5 days) alters the alkylresorcinol homolog composition of green and etiolated Secale cereale L. cv. Dankowskie Zlote seedlings in a temperature-dependent manner, with major impacts on the dominant AR C_17:0 and AR C_19:0 homologs^[4]. In Vivo:Linuron (50-200 mg/kg; intragastric administration; consecutive daily dosing for 5 days, from gestational day 13 to gestational day 18) exerts dose-dependent developmental and reproductive toxicity on male rat offspring^[1].
Linuron (100 mg/kg/day; oral administration; once daily for 4 to 7 consecutive days) induces reproductive malformations in male rats^[3].