Chlorpyrifos

Chlorpyrifos is a neurotoxic insecticide that belongs to the class of thionite esters. Chlorpyrifos is also a AChE inhibitor that affects neurological function in insects, humans and other animals. Chlorpyrifos interferes with cell replication and differentiation, ultimately altering synaptic transmission in neurons^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Chlorpyrifos mediates desulfuration to produce chlorpyrifos oxon (CPO), which has higher affinity toward the active site of serine-dependent ester hydrolases such as AChE^[2].
Chlorpyrifos (3.9-250 μM; 24-72 h) is toxic to oligodendrocyte progenitors^[3].
Chlorpyrifos toxicity is associated with (7.5-480 μM; 18 h) nuclear condensation and elevation of caspase 3/7 activity, (60 μM; 2, 4 h) Heme oxygenase-1 mRNA expression in Central Glia (CG-4) cells, and (30, 60, 120 μM; 24 h) enhances H₂DCF-DA intensity^[3].
In Vivo:Chlorpyrifos (97-276 mg/kg; p.o.; single dose) has moderately acute oral toxicity, with lethal dose, 50% (LD₅₀) of 97-276 mg/kg in rats^[2].
Chlorpyrifos (1 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg for 1 mL/kg; s.c.; once daily for 3 d) has adverse effect on learning and memory abilities of rats, and affects pregnant rats on gestational days 9-12, results offspring behavioral abnormalities^[4].