Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate

Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate is a metabolite of tryptophan, produced by intestinal microorganisms and combined with sulfate in the liver before entering the circulatory system. Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate is a potent endogenous agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and a urinary toxin. Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate can be used for research on kidney diseases^[1][2]. In Vitro:Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (1 nM-100 μM, 6 h) significantly induces the mRNA expression of CYP1A1/1A2/1B1 and UGT1A1/1A6^[2].
Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate (10 nM-1 μM, 1-8 h) regulates immune/inflammatory-related genes (synergistically induces IL6 and inhibits SAA1) in Huh7 cells and primary human liver cells by continuously activating AHR^[2]. In Vivo:Potassium 1H-indol-3-yl sulfate exhibits plasma levels that are highly dependent on a healthy gut microbiota; in mouse models, pulmonary infection consistently leads to a significant decrease in its plasma levels, and this change is not associated with the risk of mortality^[1].