Lonicerin

Lonicerin (Veronicastroside) is a flavonoid with multiple biological activities. Lonicerin inhibits xanthine oxidase with an IC₅₀ of 37.4 µg/mL. Lonicerin inhibits alginate secretion protein (AlgE). Lonicerin inhibits P. aeruginosa and C. albicans. Lonicerin has anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, antioxidant, antifungal, anti-bacterial, and neuroprotective properties^[1][2][3]. In Vitro: Lonicerin could significantly reduce alginate secretion (25 μg/mL) and biofilm formation (12.5 μg/mL) at a sub-MIC concentration without inhibiting the proliferation of P. aeruginosa or influencing the expression of AlgE, which suggested that Lonicerin may directly inhibit AlgE^[1].
Lonicerin inhibits the infection of P. aeruginosa in the A549 cells^[1].
Lonicerin (5-40 µg/mL; 48 h) suppresses T cell proliferation, increases the production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-4 and IL-10, resulting in switch from Th1 to Th2-type responses^[2].
Lonicerin (0-40 µg/mL) inhibits nitric oxide (NO) production from macrophages^[2].
Lonicerin (10-100 µg/mL; 48 h) inhibits C.albicans growth. The antifungal activity is concentration dependent^[2].
Lonicerin scavenges DPPH (HY-112053), hydroxyl, and superoxide radicals, with IC₅₀ values of 9.2 µg/mL, 236.8 µg/mL, and 143.9 µg/mL, respectively^[3].
In Vivo: Lonicerin (1-2 mg/mouse; i.p.; 3 times; every other day) reduces paw edema in a mouse model of C. albicans cell wall- and complete Freund’s adjuvant-induced arthritis^[2].