2-Phosphoglyceric acid

2-Phosphoglyceric acid (DL-2-phosphoglyceric acid) is a glycolytic substrate that is catalyzed by enolase to form phosphoenolpyruvate ester (PEP). 2-Phosphoglyceric acid inhibits the ferroptosis pathway by down-regulating ACSL4 and up-regulating GPX4, and has significant neuroprotective effects. 2-Phosphoglyceric acid reflects the overall metabolic state and flux of the cell^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:2-Phosphoglyceric acid is significantly increased during the stationary phase of glycolysis in Lactococcus lactis, serving as a metabolic marker for the transition of cells from a state of rapid growth and active glycolysis to growth arrest or slow growth^[1].
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (50-200 μM) is significantly downregulated in an oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced injury model of mouse hippocampal neuronal cells (HT-22), and exogenous supplementation of this metabolite can effectively alleviate OGD/R-induced neuronal death^[2].
2-Phosphoglyceric acid (100-200 μM) reduces intracellular Fe²⁺ accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in HT-22 cells, improves mitochondrial function, downregulates the expression of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4 (ACSL4), and upregulates the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) protein^[2]. In Vivo:2-Phosphoglyceric acid (100-200 μM, intracerebroventricularly injection (i.c.v.), single dose) can effectively alleviate the brain tissue damage and neuronal loss caused by hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in newborn rats^[2].