Demethyleneberberine

Demethyleneberberine is a blood-brain barrier-permeable antioxidant. Demethyleneberberine exerts antioxidant effects by targeting mitochondria, activates the AMPK signaling pathway to regulate lipid metabolism, and inhibits inflammation-related pathways such as NF-κB and MAPK. Demethyleneberberine can be used in the research of inflammatory and other diseases^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Demethyleneberine (50 μM; 2 h) neutralizes 55% of H₂O₂-induced ROS in HepG2 cells^[1].
Demethyleneberberine (50 μM; 1 week) reverses ethanol-induced mitochondrial membrane potential depolarization in ethanol-exposed HepG2 cells^[1].
Demethyleneberberine (0-50 μM; 0-24 h) shows no toxicity to HepG2 cells at concentrations up to 50 μM, reduces cellular lipid accumulation by 25% at 10 μM, and activates the AMPK pathway in a dose- and time-dependent manner^[2]. In Vivo:Demethyleneberberine (40 mg/kg; i.p.; 1 hour after each ethanol exposure; 3 exposures total) protects liver mitochondria of ICR mice against oxidative stress damage and ameliorates their acute alcoholic liver injury^[1].
Demethyleneberberine (40 mg/kg per day; i.p.; daily; 5 weeks) prevents chronic alcohol intake-induced liver injury and steatosis in ICR mice by inhibiting oxidative stress pathways and restoring fatty acid oxidation^[1].
Demethyleneberberine (20-40 mg/kg; i.p.; daily administration; for 4 consecutive weeks) alleviates MCD-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in ICR mice and spontaneous NAFLD in db/db mice^[2].