Dexamethasone phosphate (disodium)

Dexamethasone phosphate (Dexamethasone 21-phosphate) disodium is an orally active Glucocorticoid receptor agonist^[1]. IC50 & Target:Glucocorticoid receptor^[1] In Vitro: Dexamethasone phosphate disodium regulates several transcription factors, including activator protein-1, nuclear factor-AT, and nuclear factor-kB, leading to the activation and repression of key genes involved in the inflammatory response^[1]. Dexamethasone phosphate disodium potently inhibits granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) release from A549 cells with EC₅₀ of 2.2 nM. Dexamethasone phosphate disodium (EC₅₀=36 nM) induces transcription of the β₂-receptor is found to correlate with glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding and occurred at 10-100 fold higher concentrations than the inhibition of GM-CSF release. Dexamethasone phosphate disodium (IC₅₀=0.5 nM) inhibits a 3×κB (NF-κB, IκBα, and I-κBβ), which is associated with inhibition of GM-CSF release^[2]. In Vivo: Treatment with Dexamethasone phosphate disodium at a dose of 2×5 mg/kg efficiently inhibits lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation. In our experimental system, treatment with a single dose of Dexamethasone phosphate disodium 10 mg/kg (i.p.) significantly decreases recruitment of granulocytes as well as spontaneous production of oxygen radicals compared with animals expose to LPS and injected with solvent alone (saline). The effects are statistically significant when administered both 1 h before and 1 h after inhalation of LPS. The number of granulocytes in BALF decreased to levels comparable to healthy animals (given an aerosol of water)^[3]. Rats treated with Dexamethasone phosphate disodium consume less food and weighed less than control rats. Treated rats also weigh less than pair-fed animals though their food intake is similar. Five days of Dexamethasone phosphate disodium injection result in a significant increase in both the liver mass (+42%) and the liver to body weight ratio (+65%). The wet weight of gastrocnemius muscle decreases 20% after 5 days of treatment, but it remains unaffected relative to body weight (g/100 g body weight), indicating that muscle weight loss paralleled body weight loss^[4].