(S)-(+)-Carvone

(S)-(+)-Carvone is an orally active natural product. (S)-(+)-Carvone increases the activity of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT) and ROS, reduces the levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA, AChE), reduces the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10), and downregulates NLRP3. (S)-(+)-Carvone increases the activities of caspase-8, -9 and -3. (S)-(+)-Carvone induces apoptotic death. (S)-(+)-Carvone has antimanic-like effect, liver protection and anticancer activity against skin cancer. (S)-(+)-Carvone improves memory and arthritis^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12]}. In Vitro:(S)-(+)-Carvone (5-35 μM; 24 h) inhibits proliferation and increases ROS in a dose-dependent manner as well as induces apoptosis through inhibition of JAK/STAT3 in human gastric cancer AGS cells^[2].
S-(+)-Carvone (0.078 mM for SH-SY5Y cells, 0.625 mM for HepG2 cells; 48 h) shows neuroprotective and hepatoprotective activity, significantly decreasing the generation of ROS and inhibiting lipid peroxidation in SH-SY5Y and HepG2 cells^[3].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (5-30 μM; 24 h) suppresses the viability of human leukemic Molt-4 cells and induces apoptotic death in Molt-4 cells^[4].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (665 μM; 1 h before LPS treatment and maintained for the rest of the experimental period) inhibits LPS-induced JNK1 phosphorylation in murine macrophage Raw 264.7 cells^[5].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (1 mM; 24 h) decreases the incorporation of isoprenoid precursors into Nicotiana tabacum proteins^[6].
In Vivo:(S)-(+)-Carvone (50-100 mg/kg; i.p.; 6 days) improves memory acquisition and impairs locomotor activity in mice^[3].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (25-50 mg/kg; intragastrically; 3 consecutive days) significantly alleviated LPS-induced lung injury in mice, reduced the number of inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) in serum, and improved pathological changes in lung tissue^[7].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (10-20 mg/kg; i.p.; started 15 min before reperfusion, once a day, for 15 consecutive days) alleviated brain I/R injury in rats, reduced brain water content, infarct volume, and neurological deficit scores^[8].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (30-60 mg/kg; p.o., 25 days) significantly improves the body weight, reduces the paw swelling, edema formation, and organ index in arthritic rats, and also modulates inflammatory cytokine levels and improves ankle joint pathology against CFA-induced arthritic inflammation^[9].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (50-100 mg/kg; i.p.; once; acute and 21-day chronic treatment) blocks hyperlocomotion induced by Methylphenidate and sleep deprivation in mice, indicating an antimanic-like effect^[10].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (175 mg/kg; i.p.; twice a week; 8 weeks) blocks high-fat diet-induced weight gain, fat accumulation in the liver, and insulin resistance in C57BL/6 male mice^[11].
(S)-(+)-Carvone (20-30 mg/kg; p.o.; three times a week; from one week before DMBA painting to 25th week) totally prevents tumor occurrence in DMBA (HY-W011845)-induced skin carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice^[12].