Vindoline

Vindoline is an orally active vinca alkaloid. Vindoline can be extracted from the leaves of Catharanthus roseus. Vindoline has a weak inhibitory effect on the self-assembly of tubulin. Vindoline alleviates Apoptosis, inhibits p-p65 and p-ERK. Vindoline improves diabetes, bone loss, osteoarthritis, and kidney damage^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vivo:Vindoline (20-40 mg/kg; p.o.; 4 weeks) significantly reduces fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA₁c) and plasma triglyceride (TG) levels in diabetic animals (db/db mice and STZ/HFD-induced type 2 diabetic rats)^[1].
Vindoline (5-10 mg/kg; i.p.; every 2 days; 6 weeks) inhibits RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis and prevents ovariectomy-induced bone loss in mice^[2].
Vindoline (20 mg/kg; p.o.; 10 days) can significantly reduce serum creatinine, urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels in Cisplatin (HY-17394)-induced kidney injury rats, alleviate oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in renal tissue, and protect renal function^[3].
Vindoline (5 mg/kg; i.p.; once every 2 days; 8 weeks) can significantly improve cartilage damage in destabilization of the medial meniscus (DMM)-induced osteoarthritis (OA) mice, reduce proteoglycan loss and cartilage fissures, inhibit subchondral bone osteoclast formation, and decrease the severity of osteoarthritis^[4].