Abscisic acid

Abscisic acid ((S)-(+)-Abscisic acid), an orally active phytohormone in fruits and vegetables, is an endogenously produced mammalian hormone. Abscisic acid is a growth inhibitor and can regulate many aspects of plant growth and development. Abscisic acid inhibits proton pump (H⁺-ATPase) and leads to the plasma membrane depolarization in a Ca²⁺-dependent manner. Abscisic acid, a LANCL2 natural ligand, is a potent insulin-sensitizing compound and has the potential for pre-diabetes, type 2 diabetes and metabolic syndrome^[1][2]. In Vitro: In Arabidopsis cell cultures, Abscisic acid ((S)-(+)-Abscisic acid; 10 μM) simultaneously induces rapid alkalinization of the medium and plasma membrane depolarization^[1].
Abscisic acid (10 μM) increases Ca²⁺ in cytosol of Arabidopsis cell suspension. Abscisic acid does not inhibit proton pumping directly but through an increase in cytosolic Ca^2+[1].
Lanthionine synthetase C-like 2 (LANCL2) is the natural receptor for Abscisic acid. Abscisic acid, both at the organism levels and in specific muscle cells ex vivo, increases both glucose and fatty acid metabolism in the mitochondria, increases glycogen synthesis, activates PI3K independently of insulin and promotes GLUT4 translocation to the cell membrane^[2].
In Vivo: Abscisic acid (orally; 0.125 μg/kg/day; for 12 weeks) improves glycemic control^[2].
Abscisic acid (orally; 0.125 μg/kg/day; for 12 weeks) results in significantly lower levels of TNF, MCP-1 and IL-6 in the DIO model. Abscisic acid increases metabolic activity in skeletal muscle^[2].