Saponarin

Saponarin is an orally active flavonoid compound. Saponarin can be isolated from Gypsophila trichotoma. Saponarin inhibits ERK/p38, NF-κB and MAPK phosphorylation and activates AMPK. Saponarin reduces IL-1β and COX-2. Saponarin has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, hypoglycemic and hypotensive effects. Saponarin improves sleep disorders^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}. In Vitro:Saponarin (20-60 µM; 4 h) significantly inhibits IL-6 mRNA expression in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells via suppression of NF-κB and MAPK (ERK, p38) phosphorylation^[2].
Saponarin (50-100 µM; 24 h) suppresses gluconeogenesis in HepG2 cells by activating AMPK in a calcium-dependent manner, reducing PEPCK and G6Pase gene expression^[3].
Saponarin (2 µmol/mL) inhibits malonaldehyde (MA) formation from Squalene (HY-N1214) by nearly 100% under UV irradiation^[4].
Saponarin (80 µM; 24 h) reduces TNF-α, IL-1β, COX-2 expression and inhibits ERK/p38 phosphorylation in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells^[5].
In Vivo:Saponarin (80 mg/kg; p.o.; 3 weeks) significantly reduces blood glucose levels in Streptozotocin (HY-13753)-induced diabetic normotensive rats and improves liver antioxidant parameters while decreasing MDA levels^[1].
Saponarin (80 mg/kg; p.o.; 3 weeks) shows slight antihypertensive activity in non-diabetic spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR)^[1].
Saponarin (80 mg/kg; p.o.; for 3 days) protects against Cocaine-induced hepatotoxicity in male Wistar rats by increasing GSH levels and antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, GPx) while reducing MDA formation^[6].
Saponarin (20 mg/kg; p.o.; 5 days) reduces wake time and increases c-Fos expression in the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO) in electric footshock-induced sleep-disturbed SD rats^[7].