Chlorhexidine (digluconate) (20% in water)

Chlorhexidine digluconate is a chlorophenyl biguanide with broad antibacterial action against both Gram (+) and (-) bacteria and fungi. Chlorhexidine digluconate is a broad-spectrum antiseptic and disinfectant. Chlorhexidine digluconate is effective to prevent and control infectious diseases of the mouth by killing bacteria in saliva and tongue. Chlorhexidine digluconate is a cytotoxic agent and induces cell necrosis and apoptosis^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Chlorhexidine digluconate (0.00001%, 0.00005%, 0.0001%, 0.0005%; 1-4 h) demonstrates a cytotoxic effect on CHO cells. Chlorhexidine digluconate reduces the activity of dehydrogenase of CHO cells in a dose-dependent and a time-dependent manner^[2].
Chlorhexidine digluconate (0.00005%, 0.0001%, 0.0005%; 1 h) causes the amount of cell apoptosis of about 1.62%, 5.51%, and 5.47%, respectively. The amount of cell necrosis was 2.38%, 8.62%, and 22.50%, respectively^[2].
In Vivo:Chlorhexidine gluconate (0.05%, 0.025%; One-time intraperitoneal injection) with 0.05% lavage has significantly lower incidence of postoperative intra-abdominal abscesses compared with the mice that had saline lavage only^[1].