Oleanonic acid

Oleanonic acid (3-Oxooleanolic acid) is an orally available triterpene that has anti-inflammatory and insecticidal properties. In vitro, oleanonic acid can improve oxidative stress, autophagy defects, ferroptosis, mitochondrial damage, and endoplasmic reticulum stress induced by Amyloid-β, and in vivo, it can alleviate myocardial hypertrophy in rats^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro:Oleanonic acid inhibits HIV-1 infection in PBMCs in vitro, with EC₅₀ values for naturally infected PBMCs and monocytes/macrophages being 22.7 mM, 24.6 mM, and 57.4 mM, respectively. Furthermore, it can inhibit the production of leukotriene B4 by mouse peritoneal leukocytes, with an IC₅₀ of 17 μM^[2].
Oleanonic acid has strong anti-insect activity against Rhipicephalus (Kreyszig) and Amazon ticks, with IC₅₀ values of 18.5 µM and 29.9 µM^[3].
Oleanonic acid (0-45 μM, 24 h) inhibits the increase of NF-κB transcription activity in cardiomyocytes treated with phenylephrine (PE) and reduces the mRNA expression of hypertrophic genes like atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in a dose-dependent manner^[4].
Oleanonic acid (15 μM, 24 h) inhibits the phosphorylation of protein kinase Cζ (PKCζ) at the Thr410 site in cardiomyocytes, subsequently reducing NF-κB activation in PE-treated cardiomyocytes^[4].
Oleanonic acid (1-5 μM, 48 h) reduces APP expression in SH-SY5Y cells, lessens damage induced by oxidative stress, repairs autophagy defects, and inhibits ferroptosis^[5]. In Vivo:Oleanonic acid (15-45 mg/kg, oral, daily, 8 weeks) inhibits the PKCζ-NF-κB signaling pathway in rats and effectively improves cardiac hypertrophy^[4].