Aristolochic acid D

Aristolochic acid D (Aristolochic acid-IVa) is an orally active PDE2 (IC₅₀: 4.673 μM) and CDK2 (IC₅₀: 25 μM) inhibitor that can be isolated from Aristolochia indica L. Aristolochic acid D exhibits anti-inflammatory activity and is non-carcinogenic and non-nephrotoxic. Aristolochic acid D can be used in the research of inflammation and tumor-related diseases^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:Aristolochic acid D (0-300 μM; 48 h) exerts no significant cytotoxicity on LLC-PK₁ cells and fails to induce caspase-3/7 activation^[1].
Aristolochic acid D (50-100 μM; 8 h) significantly reduces the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in RAW 264.7 cells treated with LPS (HY-D1056A1)^[2]. In Vivo:Aristolochic acid D (400-600 μg/ear; topical application; single dose) exerts an improving effect in the mouse model of ear edema^[2].
Aristolochic acid D (100 mg/kg; oral gavage; single dose) significantly reduces TNF-α luciferase activity in TNF-IRES-Luc mice treated with LPS (HY-D1056A1), exhibiting a rapid inhibitory effect on systemic inflammation but with a short duration^[2].
Aristolochic acid D (3-10 mg/kg; oral gavage; five times a week; from day 12 to day 42) possesses anti-inflammatory activity in the mouse model of chronic arthritis^[3].