10-Hydroxydecanoic acid

10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (10-HDAA) is a saturated fatty acid derived from 10-hydroxy-trans-2-decenoic acid, which can be isolated from royal jelly. 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid exhibits various biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, insecticidal, anti-malarial, and anti-Leishmania properties, as well as enhancing antigen-specific immune responses. The anti-inflammatory effects of 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid are primarily mediated by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB and the translation of interferon regulatory factor 1 (IRF-1), which reduces the production of interleukin 6 (IL-6) and nitric oxide (NO) in inflammatory cells. Additionally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid alleviates neuroinflammatory responses through the p53-autophagy pathway and the p53-NLRP3 pathway. Finally, 10-Hydroxydecanoic acid enhances antigen-specific immune responses by promoting the effective uptake of antigens by microfold cells^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro:10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (0-10 mM; 30 min) inhibits LPS (HY-D1056)-induced NO production in RAW264 cells in a concentration-dependent manner within the range of 0.5-5 mM^[1].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (5 mM; 30 min) inhibits the increase of IRF-1 protein induced by LPS (HY-D1056) in RAW264 cells^[1].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (100 μM and 1 mM; 6 h) increases the expression level of RANK on the surface of caco2 cell monolayers^[2].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid has a significant insecticidal effect on Aedes aegypti larvae (LC₅₀=37.8 μg/mL)^[3].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid has a significant anti-malarial effect (IC₅₀=2.65μg/mL)^[3].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid has a significant anti-Leishmania effect on intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (IC₅₀=3.77 μg/mL)^[3].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (0-4 mM; 1 h) effectively reduces the level of iNOS in BV-2 microglia induced by LPS (HY-D1056) and activates cell autophagy^[4].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (0-4 mM; 1 h) has no inhibitory effect on the increase of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), iNOS and TNF-α induced by LPS in BV-2 microglia cells transfected with specific p53 siRNA^[4].
In Vivo:10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (1 mol/L; Intranasal injection 100 μL; once daily for 3 days) increases the number of microfold cells (M cells) in the epithelium lining the luminal surface of the nasopharyngeal-associated lymphoid tissue (NALT) in cynomolgus monkeys^[2].
10-Hydroxydecanoic acid (2.4 mg; p.o.; enteric-coated capsules taken orally once a day for 20 days) increases the number of M cells and improves the level of antigen-specific immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the follicle-associated epithelium (FAE) covering Peyer’s patches (PPs) in cynomolgus monkeys^[2].