2-Deoxy-D-glucose

2-Deoxy-D-glucose is a glucose analog that acts as a competitive inhibitor of glucose metabolism, inhibiting glycolysis via its actions on hexokinase^[1]. In Vitro: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (2-DG, 4, 8, or 16 mM) significantly reduces the level of ATP in MCF-7 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner that paralleles the effects of 2-DG on cell growth. The levels of phosphorylated Akt are significantly decreased, whereas the levels of phosphorylated AMPK and Sirt-1 are significantly increased in MCF-7 cells exposed to 2-Deoxy-D-glucose at 4, 8, or 16 mM for 1, 3, or 5 days in a dose- and time-dependent manner^[1]. 2-DG treatment increases the levels of pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) metabolites and augments the generation of NADPH by glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. An increase in NADPH and upregulation of glutathione synthetase expression resultes in the increase in the reduced form of glutathione by 2-DG in NB4 cells^[3]. In Vivo: 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (0.03%, w/w) causes a 7% decrease in final weight that is statistically significant, and delayes the appearance of palpable mammary carcinomas^[1]. 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (3 mmol/kg, i.v.) is decreased in a dose-dependent manner in rat muscle^[2].