Squalamine

Squalamine (MSI-1256) is an aminosterol compound with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. Squalamine makes cells less conducive to certain viral replication by altering the electrostatic interactions in the inner membrane of host cells. Squalamine also has antibacterial and antitumor activities. Squalamine has broad-spectrum antibacterial activity against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, fungi and protozoa. Squalamine inhibits tumor-related angiogenesis and the growth of human breast cancer cells. Squalamine restores the function of enteric nervous system in Parkinson^,s disease mouse models^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro: Squalamine (0-100 μg/mL; 2 h) inhibits dengue virus (Den V2) infection in HMEC-1 cells, and dengue infection is suppressed by about 60% at 40 μg/mL and completely suppressed at 100 μg/mL^[1].
Squalamine (0-20 μg/mL; 16 h) effectively inhibits the replication of human hepatitis B virus (HBV) in human primary hepatocytes^[1].
Squalamine (0.16-3.2 μM; 8 days) inhibits VEGF-induced proliferation of vascular endothelial cells HUVEC in a dose-dependent manner, but has no direct inhibitory effect on the proliferation of human breast MCF-7 cancer cells^[2].
Squalamine (0.001-1 μM; 1 h) blocks FAK phosphorylation in HUVECs exposed to VEGF^[2]. In Vivo: Squalamine (2 mg/kg; Intraperitoneal injection; 28 days) inhibits tumor growth in xenografted mice with breast cancer ^[2].
Squalamine (20 mg; Single application; 0-3 days) has a decolonizing effect on S. aureus on the skin in a mouse model^[3].
Squalamine (20-120 mg/kg; Oral gavage; 5 days) restores the function of the mesenteric nervous system in PD mouse models^[4].