Phosphatidylserine

Phosphatidylserine (Phospholipids) is a well-conserved anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive signal. Phosphatidylserine is involved in membrane translocation and the activation of protein kinase C, participating in Akt signaling through its interaction with PIP3. The local exposure of Phosphatidylserine can interact with complement and other proteins, promoting microglial phagocytosis during critical periods of synaptic refinement. Phosphatidylserine can promote blood coagulation in the extracellular environment and acts as a "eat me" signal to clear out apoptotic cells. Phosphatidylserine can suppress inflammation in tissues by inducing TGF-β secretion and inhibiting immune responses^{[1][2][3][4][5]}.
In Vitro:Phosphatidylserine can inhibit inflammation in tissues by inducing TGF-β secretion, thereby avoiding activation of immune responses through the production of regulatory T cells^[2].
Phosphatidylserine can promote neuronal survival, differentiation, and synaptic neurotransmission^[3].
Phosphatidylserine mediates the pruning of microglia developmental synapses when undergoing local externalization^[4].
In Vivo:Phosphatidylserine, after forming liposomes with PC and cholesterol in a molar ratio of 30:30:40 (0.5 mg liposome; single dose; s.c.), can inhibit immune responses in vivo by binding to and enhancing the activation of the Phosphatidylserine receptor^[2].