Sulfathiazole (sodium)

Sulfathiazole sodium is an orally active, endocrine disruptor targeting the steroidogenic pathway, specifically enhancing the activity of CYP19 in human adrenal cancer cells (H295R) and upregulating the mRN expression of CYP17, CYP19, and 3β-HSD. Sulfathiazole sodium increases the production of 17-estradiol (E2) and has endocrine disrupting effects on aquatic organisms such as the Japanese medaka fish. Sulfathiazole sodium is also a cathodic corrosion inhibitor. It inhibits the corrosion of copper by chloride ions through chemical and physical adsorption on the copper surface, reduces the corrosion current density and shifts the corrosion potential negatively.^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Sulfathiazole sodium (0.02-20 mg/L; 48 h) can significantly increase the production of 17-estradiol (E2), aromatase (CYP19) activity, and mRNA expression of steroidogenesis-related genes such as CYP17, CYP19, and 3βHSD in human adrenal cancer cell (H295R) experiments^[1].
Sulfathiazole sodium can effectively inhibit the corrosion of copper in 0.1 M NaCl solution, and the inhibition efficiency can reach more than 80% with increasing concentration^[3]. In Vivo:Sulfathiazole sodium (50 mg/L, 500 mg/L; water exposure; daily feeding; 14 days) significantly increases plasma 17-estradiol (E2) concentrations in male Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) models^[1].
Sulfathiazole sodium (1%; mixed in purified feed; daily intake) causes a decrease in polymorphonuclear neutrophils, band cells, and metamyelocytes in the bone marrow, necrosis and calcification of skeletal muscle, calcification or hyalinization of pulmonary/coronary/renal arteries, hydropic degeneration and focal hyaline necrosis of hepatocytes, hyaline necrosis of adrenal cortical cells, thyroid hyperplasia, and hemorrhage in subcutaneous tissues, body cavities, and organs in Wistar and Osborne-Mendel albino rat models during and shortly after weaning^[2].