Phosphoenolpyruvic acid

Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (Phosphoenolpyruvate) is a glycolysis metabolite with a high-energy phosphate group. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid is involved in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis, and used as energy source to produce ATP, under the energy-limited conditions. Phosphoenolpyruvic acid also exhibits cytoprotective and anti-oxidative properties^[1]. In Vitro:Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (0.1-10 mM) significantly attenuates the decrease in cell viability induced by hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) in HeLa cells in a dose-dependent manner. The H₂O₂-stimulated increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species is significantly reduced by Phosphoenolpyruvic acid^[1].
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid demonstrates scavenging potential against hydroxyl radicals^[1].
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (10 mM) slightly inhibits the decrease in cellular ATP content induced by H₂O₂, but does not show any effects at low doses (0.1 mM and 1 mM)^[1].
Phosphoenolpyruvic acid (0.1-10 mM) also attenuates the cell injury but not the decrease in intracellular ATP content, induced by 2-Deoxy-D-glucose (HY-13966), a glycolysis inhibitor^[1].