PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat

PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat is a PAC₁ receptor agonist. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat binds to PACAP type I receptor, PACAP type II receptor VIP1, and PACAP type II receptor VIP2 with IC₅₀s of 4 nM, 2 nM, and 1 nM, respectively. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat increases the α-secretase activity. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat elevates cytosolic Ca²⁺, increases proliferation and increases phosphorylation of extracellular regulates kinase (ERK) and the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat demonstrates potent, efficacious, and sustained stimulatory effects on sympathetic neuronal NPY and catecholamine production. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat can be used for neurotrophic and neuroprotective research^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7]}. IC50 & Target:IC50: 4 nM (PACAP type I receptor), 2 nM (PACAP type II receptor VIP₁), and 1 nM (PACAP type II receptor VIP₂)^[1] In Vitro:PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat is a fragment of pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide^[1].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat shows high affinity for PACAP specific (PAC1) receptor in membranes from various tissues including the endocrine pancreas^[2].
In vitro, PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat relaxes guinea-pig and rabbit tracheal smooth muscle precontracted by histamine and by acetylcholine. PACAP (1-38) also increases adenosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic AMP) in tracheal smooth muscle, providing a possible mechanism for the relaxant effect of PACAP (1-38)^[3].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (100 nM; 2 min; NCI-H838 cells) induces EGFR, HER2 and ERK tyrosine phosphorylation^[5].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (100 nM; 30 min; NCI-H838 cells) induces EGFR tyrosine phosphorylation with generates ROS and increases ROS levels by 51%^[5].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (10 nM; 48 h) stimulates the growth of NCI-H838 cells^[5].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (300 nM; 4 h) stimulates generation of APPsα in neural cells^[6].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (0.01-10 nM; HEK 293 cells) stimulates neural cells express endogenous PAC1 receptors by cAMP accumulation and by an increase in cytosolic free calcium and induces elevation of the intracellular Ca²⁺ concentration in a dose-dependent manner with an EC₅₀ value of 0.81 nM^[6].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (0.01 nM; 48 h) elicits potent and efficacious stimulation of NPY secretion from SCG neuronal cultures^[7].
PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat (100 nM; 14 d) produces sustained stimulated NPY and catecholamine secretionmpathetic neurons^[7]. In Vivo:PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat alone in sham animals does not result in changes in any of the retinal layers. PACAP (1-38), human, ovine, rat is dissolved in solutio ophthalmica cum benzalkonio leads to significant protection in the retina in bilateral common carotid artery occlusion (BCCAO)-lesioned retinas; retinas treated with PACAP (1-38) eye drops have preserved structure compared to control retinas^[4].