Manganese chloride (tetrahydrate), molecular biology grade,≥99.0% (KT)

Manganese chloride (tetrahydrate), molecular biology grade,≥99.0% (KT) is an orally active and a blood-brain barrier penetrant compound. It affects the activities of multiple enzymes in cells, such as regulating the activities of histone acetyltransferase (HAT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC), thereby affecting gene expression. It has multiple activities such as neurotoxicity, embryotoxicity, and reproductive toxicity. It is currently mainly used in neurodegenerative diseases and toxicology research. In Vitro:Manganese chloride tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade,≥99.0% (KT) (15-25 μM) shows cytotoxicity and causes chromosomal aberrations as well as DNA damage in cultured human lymphocytes^[1].
Manganese chloride (300 μM; 3-24 h) tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade, ≥99.0% (KT) can significantly inhibit the acetylation of histones H3 and H4 and change the activities and expression levels of HAT and HDAC in PC12 cells and SH-SY5Y cells^[2].
Manganese chloride (0.1-10 mM; 5 days) tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade,≥99.0% (KT) reduces cell viability and inhibits the differentiation of cells into cartilage nodules in micromass cultures of mouse embryonic limb bud cells^[3].
In Vivo:Manganese chloride (1000 - 8000 mg/l; ingested through drinking water, p.o.; for 12 weeks) tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade, ≥99.0% (KT) reduces the fertility of male Swiss mice and decreases the number of implantation sites and viable fetuses in female Swiss mice at a high concentration (8000 mg/l)^[4].
Manganese chloride (0-100 mg/kg; s.c.; single-dose or multiple-dose; 1 day or 7 days) tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade, ≥99.0% (KT) significantly increases the manganese concentration in the basal ganglia and causes a decrease in horizontal movement in C57BL/6 mice^[5].
Manganese chloride (0-50 mg/kg; p.o.; once a day; 21 days) tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade, ≥99.0% (KT) reduces body weight gain and increases the amplitude of the acoustic startle response in neonatal CD rats, and increases striatal, cerebellar and brain residue manganese concentrations in adult CD rats at high doses^[6].
Manganese chloride (16 mg/kg/day; i.v.; once a day; 4 days) tetrahydrate, molecular biology grade, ≥99.0% (KT) leads to the death or moribund sacrifice of male beagle dogs, with severe hepatotoxicity, hypotension and reflex tachycardia^[7].