Dipropyl phthalate

Dipropyl phthalate is an immunomodulator. Dipropyl phthalate alters the activities of acid phosphatase, phenoloxidase and superoxide dismutase, increases the activity of β-glucuronidase in a dose-dependent manner, and elevates the mRNA level of hemocyanin in shrimp. Dipropyl phthalate activates the FoxO signaling pathway, interferes with cell proliferation and apoptosis, downregulates chondrocyte-related genes, and induces craniofacial cartilage developmental malformations in zebrafish embryos. Dipropyl phthalate can be used in studies related to Aeromonas veronii infection and micrognathia syndrome^[1][2]. In Vitro:Dipropyl phthalate directly interacts with zebrafish Foxo1a protein via hydrogen bonding to residue LEU618, with a binding energy of -2.51 kcal/mol^[2]. In Vivo:Dipropyl phthalate (1-50 mg/L; continuous immersion; 1, 3, 5, or 10 days) causes short-term increased susceptibility to Aeromonas veronii infection (with peak mortality of 38% in the 50 mg/L group on day 1) and dose- and time-dependent alterations in multiple immune parameters, including the previously omitted α-naphthyl acetate esterase, with most significant changes occurring within the first 3 days of exposure in Neocaridina denticulate^[1].
Dipropyl phthalate (1-4 mg/L; waterborne; continuous; 6 to 96 hpf) induces concentration-dependent craniofacial chondrogenic defects, developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and locomotor impairment in Danio rerio embryos via activation of the FoxO signaling pathway, with an LC₅₀ of 0.918 mg/L at 144 hpf^[2].