Pulchinenoside A

Pulchinenoside A (Anemoside A3) is an orally active triterpenoid glycoside found in the root of Pulsatilla chinensis. Pulchinenoside A has amti-inflammation, antitumor, antidepressant, immunoregulatory and neuroprotective efrects. Pulchinenoside A activates NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway. Pulchinenoside A can induce relaxing effect in rat renal arteries. Pulchinenoside A can be used for the researches of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, breast cancer, depression and renovascular hypertension^{[1][2][3][4][5]}. In Vitro:Pulchinenoside A (30 min) dose-dependently inhibits PGE2-EP4 signaling in human THP-1 acute monocytic leukemia cells with IC₅₀ values of 22.4 μM (for PGE2-induced cAMP) and 22.9 μM (for PGE1-OH-induced cAMP), without reducing cell viability^[1].
Pulchinenoside A exhibits stable binding affinity with purified TLR4 protein, with a docking score of −9.6287^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (1.5625-200 μg/mL; 24 h) is non-cytotoxic to THP-1-derived M0 macrophages at concentrations up to 200 μg/mL, maintaining over 80% cell viability^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (50-100 μg/mL; 24 h) induces M1 polarization of THP-1-derived M0 macrophages, significantly increasing mRNA expression of TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-1β at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (50-100 μg/mL; 24 h) promotes M1 polarization of THP-1-derived M0 macrophages, significantly increasing the proportion of CD86⁺ cells at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (50-100 μg/mL; 24 h) activates the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in THP-1-derived M0 macrophages, significantly increasing expression of key pathway proteins at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (25-100 μg/mL; 24 h) significantly inhibits MCF-7 breast cancer cell viability in a THP-1 macrophage-MCF-7 co-culture system^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (50-100 μg/mL; 24 h) increases IL-12 secretion by macrophages and down-regulates VEGF mRNA expression in MCF-7 breast cancer cells in a co-culture system^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (50-100 μg/mL; 24 h) activates the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway in TAMs generated in a THP-1 macrophage-MCF-7 co-culture system, significantly increasing expression of key pathway proteins at concentrations of 50 and 100 μg/mL^[3].
Pulchinenoside A (0.1-10 μg/mL; 25 min) protects PC12 cells from apoptosis induced by sodium cyanide and glucose deprivation^[4].
Pulchinenoside A (3-100 μM) induces relaxing effect in rat renal arteries^[5]. In Vivo:Pulchinenoside A (100 mg/kg; i.g.,; daily; from day 0 or 8 to day 20) significantly ameliorates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57BL/6 mice by reducing disease severity, spinal cord inflammation and demyelination, and inhibiting pathogenic Th1 and Th17 cell responses^[1].
Pulchinenoside A (30-300 mg/kg; i.p.; single dose) produces antidepressant-like effects in stress-naive mice via reduced immobility in forced swim and tail suspension tests, with no impact on locomotor activity^[2].
Pulchinenoside A (100 mg/kg; i.p.; daily; 5 days) reverses chronic mild stress-induced depression-like behaviors in mice, including reduced anhedonia and feeding latency, with faster onset efficacy than the classical antidepressant clomipramine^[2].
Pulchinenoside A (100 mg/kg; i.p.; daily; 5 days) exerts antidepressant-like effects in CSDS-susceptible mice via a mechanism dependent on activation of GluA2-lacking AMPARs in the hippocampal stratum lacunosum-moleculare^[2].
Pulchinenoside A (5-20 mg/kg; i.p.; daily; 13 days) induces M1 macrophage polarization via a TLR4-dependent pathway, significantly reducing breast tumor growth and angiogenesis in BALB/c mice^[3].