Atractyloside A

Atractyloside A is an orally active inhibitor of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling pathway and also an opener of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP). Atractyloside A interferes with the activation of the TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway, thereby inhibiting intestinal inflammatory responses. Atractyloside A reverses mucin synthesis impairment, improves intestinal barrier integrity, and restores homeostasis by altering the composition of the gut microbiota. Atractyloside A can be used in studies related to spleen deficiency diarrhea and myocardial injury^[1][2]. In Vitro:Atractyloside A (10 μM; 12 h) abolishes the TRAP1-mediated protective effects on H9C2 cells in acidic medium (pH 6.5) by increasing MPTP opening, promoting apoptosis, reducing cell viability, impairing mitochondrial function, and disrupting mitochondrial ultrastructure^[1]. In Vivo:Atractyloside-A (5-10 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; for 7 consecutive days) exerts a dose-dependent therapeutic effect on spleen-deficiency diarrhea (SDD) in male ICR mice^[2].
Atractyloside-A (10 mg/kg; p.o.; once daily; for 7 consecutive days) fails to alleviate SDD symptoms in male ICR mice with depleted gut microbiota, indicating that gut microbiota is essential for its therapeutic activity^[2].