Methylene blue (hydrate)

Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate is a guanylyl cyclase (sGC), monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A) and NO synthase (NOS) inhibitor. Methylene blue is a vasopressor and is often used as a dye in several medical procedures. Methylene blue hydrate through the nitric oxide syntase/guanylate cyclase signalling pathway to reduce prepulse inhibition. Methylene blue hydrate is a REDOX cycling compound and able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Methylene blue hydrate is a Tau aggregation inhibitor. Methylene blue hydrate reduces cerebral edema, attenuated microglial activation and reduced neuroinflammation^[1][2][3]. In Vitro: Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (4.5 μM; BV2 microglia) alters the immune profile of LPS-activated BV2 microglia and decreased the level of CD14, IL-1β, TNF-α, and CCL2 mRNA^[3]. In Vivo: Methylene blue (Basic Blue 9) hydrate (50 and 100 mg/kg; i.p.; once, for 25 min; male NMRI mice) reduces absent prepulse inhibition^[1].
Methylene blue hydrate (20 and 40 mg/kg; p.o.; daily, for 6 months; CaMKIIα-tTA transactivator mice) preserves cognition in mice expressing full-length pro-aggregant human Tau^[2].
Methylene blue hydrate (2 mg/kg; i.v.; once, for 1 d; TBI-treated male BALB/c mice) reduces TBI-induced edema and neuroinflammation and reduces acute depression-like behavior^[3].
Methylene blue hydrate (2 mg/kg; i.v.; once, for 1 d; TBI-treated male BALB/c mice) reduces the percentage of inflammatory factor^[3].