Hydroxychloroquine

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is a synthetic oral antimalarial drug that can be used in the study of malaria and autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis. Hydroxychloroquine is a potent autophagic flux inhibitor with antiviral activity (such as SARS-CoV-2 virus) that inhibits Toll-like receptor 7/9 (TLR7/9) signaling^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]}. In Vitro:Hydroxychloroquine ( 0-100 μM, 48h) can inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 virus in Vero E6 cells^[4].
Hydroxychloroquine has anEC₅₀ value of 1.1-12 μM for various coronaviruses and has low cytotoxicity in various cell lines^[4].
Hydroxychloroquine (0-100 μM, 0-48 hours) inhibits metabolic activity, proliferation and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase ERK 1/2 ERK in human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs)^[5].
Hydroxychloroquine (1-100 μM, 12/24 hours) induces a specific type of cell death in human skin fibrocytes (HDFs) that is characterized by surface exposure to phosphatidylserine but is not accompanied by DNA fragmentation^[5].
Hydroxychloroquine induces autophagy in skin fibrocytes (HDFs) by promoting the expression of autophagy regulator Beclin-1 at RNA and protein levels^[5].
In Vivo:Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) (25 μM, Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), Once a week for two weeks) has the effect of reducing the survival rate of endometriosis cells and the number of lesions and histopathology in mouse models of endometriosis^[6].
Hydroxychloroquine has the effect of increasing the number of peritoneal macrophages and the level of IP-10 chemokine in mouse models of endometriosis^[6].
Hydroxychloroquine (3-100 mg/kg, Intraperitoneal injection (i.p.), 1 dose) significantly reduced the size of thrombus and the total time to thrombosis in a mouse model of IgG-APS^[8].
Hydroxychloroquine (10 mg/kg/d, gavage for 5 weeks) can reduce hypertension, endothelial dysfunction and organ damage in mice with severe lupus^[8].