Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate

Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is a widely used organic phosphorus flame retardant, mainly used as a plasticizer. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate has orally active hepatotoxicity, inducing an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and calcium ions (Ca²⁺) influx, a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential (△Ψm), and causing DNA damage and cell apoptosis. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate directly binds to FXR, inducing obesity and the formation of fatty liver in mice. Chloroethyl) phosphate activates the TLR4/NF-κB pathway, triggering liver inflammation^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (100-400 μM, 3 days) induces the death of HepG2 cells by disrupting mitochondrial function and the integrity of lysosomal membranes^[3].
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (100-400 μM, 3 days) causes dose-dependent DNA strand breaks, induces ROS/NO bursts, Ca²⁺ influx and △Ψm collapse in HepG2 cells, and triggers apoptosis^[3].
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (100 μM, 3 days) upregulates oncogenes such as IGFBP5 and STMN1, and downregulates tumor suppressor genes such as SNAI1 in HepG2 cells^[3].
In Vivo:Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (0.5-5 μg/L, for 28 days) exerts hepatotoxic impacts on zebrafish by disrupting hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid and gut−liver axes^[1].
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (20-60 mg/kg, i.g., once daily for 9 weeks) induces obesity and hepatic steatosis in mice through the FXR signaling pathway^[2].