20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2

20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 is an orally active protopanaxadiol-type saponin with multiple biological activities. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 exerts a significant inhibitory effect on non-small cell lung cancer and liver cancer by inducing cell cycle arrest and promoting apoptosis. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 exerts anti-γ-herpesvirus effects by inhibiting viral DNA replication. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits inflammatory mediators by reducing the levels of NO, PGE2, and ROS; it can delay skin photoaging by reducing ROS and inhibiting MMP-9/2 activity. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 accelerates the recovery after muscle injury by activating the Akt1/PKB signaling pathway. 20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 can inhibit osteoclast formation and exert an anti-osteoporosis effect^{[1][2][3][4][5][6]}. In Vitro:20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (0-50 μM, 24 h) is capable of suppressing the production of NO, PGE2, ROS and MMP-9 (matrix metalloproteinase-9) but does not modulate the gelatinolytic activity of MMP-2 (matrix metalloproteinase-2) induced by LPS (HY-D1056) in the RAW264.7 macrophage cells^[1].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (0-25 μM, 24 h) decreases the ROS level (but unable to modulate the NO), inhibits the gelatinolytic activity of both MMP-9 and MMP-2 in the non-stimulated HaCat cells and exhibits no cytotoxicity on HaCat cells^[1].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (0-200 μg/mL, 24 h-28 d) inhibits the proliferation and colony formation in 95D and NCI-H460 cells and induces apoptosis in both cells^[3].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (50-100 μg/mL, 48 h) mediates cell cycle arrest in G1/S phase of 95D cells and cell cycle arrest in G2 phase of NCI‑H460 cells^[3].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (0-100 μM, 72 h) significantly inhibits murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV-68) proliferation (IC₅₀ = 2.77 μM) by inhibiting the replication of MHV-68 after entry into the NIH-3T3 cells and inhibits lytic replication of human gammaherpesvirus herpesvirus (KSHV)-positive cell line BC3^[4].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (5-10 μg/mL, 72 h) increases C2C12 murine myoblasts and inhibits primary rat cardiomyocytes proliferation by activating Akt/PKB signaling and suppresses expression of p27^Kip1 and p57^KIP2[5].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 exhibits inhibition of osteoclast formation with an IC₅₀ of 12 μM and shows no inhibition of osteoclast proliferation^[6].
In Vivo:20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (2-6 mg/kg, p.o., once daily, for 10 days) exerts a significant anti-tumor effect by down-regulating Bcl-2 to induce apoptosis in tumor cells in hepatoma mice model^[2].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (2 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, for 7 days) promotes the proliferation of cardiac muscle cells and improves cardiac function in myocardial infarction rats model^[5].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (2 mg/kg, i.p., once daily, for 7-14 days) accelerates the regeneration of skeletal muscles and reduces fibrosis in skeletal muscle degeneration mice model^[5].
20(R)-Ginsenoside Rh2 (5 μg/mL) enhances cardiomyocyte proliferation in the zebrafish^[5].