Erucamide

Erucamide is an orally active, blood-brain barrier-permeable TMEM19 ligand and T3SS inhibitor. Erucamide exerts retinal neuroprotective effects in mouse models of retinal degeneration. Erucamide attenuates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice.\n\nErucamide binds to the conserved hydrophobic pocket in HrcC, disrupts its outer membrane localization, and blocks T3SS-mediated effector protein secretion in Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Erucamide enhances the antimicrobial immunity of plants against pathogenic bacteria. Erucamide can be used in research related to retinitis pigmentosa, anxiety and depression, bacterial wilt, and bacterial blight^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Erucamide (0.64 μM) significantly upregulates the expressions of PDGFα, CTGF, PDGFβ, CX3CL1, Ang1 and BDNF in CD11b+ MPCs, and this effect depends on the transmembrane protein TMEM19^[1].
Erucamide specifically binds to the transmembrane protein TMEM19 in HMC3 microglial cells and TMEM19-overexpressing HEK293T cells^[1].
Erucamide (6-150 μM, 20 h) inhibits T3SS-mediated secretion of AvrPto in P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000^[2].
Erucamide (150 μM, 20 h) inhibits the secretion and assembly of the P. syringae T3SS, as well as Hrp pilus assembly, by binding to HrcC and preventing the outer membrane localization of HrcC and HrpA^[2].
Erucamide (6-150 μM) dose-dependently inhibits the growth of P. syringae in Arabidopsis thaliana, while it restores antimicrobial immune activity in erucamide-accumulation-deficient plant lines^[2].
Erucamide reduces the severity of bacterial diseases and the proliferation level of pathogens in rice and *Nicotiana benthamiana*, as well as the bacterial wilt severity and mortality rate of tomato plants^[2]. In Vivo:Erucamide (214 ng; subretinal injection; administered on postnatal days 12 and 22) significantly reduces photoreceptor atrophy, increases retinal layer thickness, preserves deep retinal vascular structures, and improves rod-mediated visual function in RD10 mice at P32^[1].
Erucamide (214 ng; intravitreal injection; single administration) activates CD116⁺ myeloid cells in the retina of wild-type mice, thereby increasing the expression levels of proangiogenic factors and neurotrophic factors^[1].
Erucamide (5-20 mg/kg, p.o., 7 days) attenuates depression- and anxiety-like behaviors in mice, and its antidepressant and anxiolytic effects may be associated with the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis^[4].