Thiacloprid

Thiacloprid is an orally active neurotoxic insecticide and also a nAChR agonist. Thiacloprid reduces the viability of healthy cells, depletes reduced glutathione, and increases MDA levels, thereby inducing cytotoxicity and oxidative stress damage. In practical applications, Thiacloprid has lower acute toxicity to honeybees than other compounds of the same class such as Imidacloprid (HY-B0838), but it still significantly impairs the learning and memory function, immune capacity and survival status of honeybees. Thiacloprid induces intestinal microbial dysbiosis and reduces survival rate in middle-aged honeybees, increases the risk of premature collapse in bumblebee colonies, and significantly decreases the final colony weight and reproductive output. Thiacloprid is used in broad-spectrum agricultural pest control, often alone or in combination with Deltamethrin (HY-B1971), and meets the pest management needs of various crops including potatoes, cabbages, various fruits and vegetables, and nuts^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Combination treatment with Thiacloprid (7.5-3000 μM; 24-72 h) and Deltamethrin (HY-B1971) reduces the viability of human lung fibroblast cell line WTHBF-6 in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Specifically, significant viability reduction is observed at concentrations of 1500 μM, 2250 μM and 3000 μM after 48 h and 72 h of treatment, as well as at 750 μM after 72 h of treatment^[1].
Thiacloprid (75-375 μM; 24-72 h) significantly reduces the level of GSH, increases the level of malondialdehyde (MDA), and induces cellular lipid peroxidation damage in human lung fibroblast cell line WTHBF-6^[1]. In Vivo:Thiacloprid (0.2-2.0 mg/L; oral; daily; 13 consecutive days) continuous oral exposure of middle-aged honeybees to 0.6 mg/L and 2.0 mg/L thiacloprid for 13 days significantly reduces survival by up to 25%, impairs weight gain, alters sucrose consumption at the highest dose, induces dose-dependent gut microbiome dysbiosis on day 7, and is associated with gut microbiome recovery by day 13^[2].
Thiacloprid (recommended manufacturer spray rate; free foraging on treated crop flowers) under field-realistic exposure to treated raspberry crops leads to accumulation of thiacloprid residues in bumblebee colony food stores, with maximum concentrations of 771 ppb in pollen and 561 ppb in nectar^[3].