Vitamin K2

Vitamin K2 is an orally active proliferation inhibitor. Vitamin K2 induces Autophagy and Apoptosis. Vitamin K2 reduces the levels of proinflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β, TNF-α, and
IL-6). Vitamin K2 inhibits cell growth in leukemia cells. Vitamin K2 can be used for the research of involutional osteoporosis, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, ulcerative colitis, acute myeloid leukemia, myelodysplastic syndromes, and hepatocellular carcinoma^[1][2][3][4]. In Vitro:Vitamin K₂ (10^-9-10^-5 M; 3 days) dose-dependently suppresses the proliferation of human osteosarcoma HOS TE85 cells (maximal effect at 10^-7 M, reducing cell number to 56% of control) and murine osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells (maximal effect at 10^-6 M, reducing cell number to 84% of control) after 3 days of incubation, and this suppressive effect is reversed by co-incubation with warfarin^[1].
Vitamin K2 (6-14 μM; 96 h) inhibits the growth of HL-60neo human leukemia cells with an IC₅₀ of 6 μM and HL-60bcl-2 human leukemia cells with an IC₅₀ of 14 μM after 96-hour exposure^[4]. In Vivo:Vitamin K2 (0.1-0.4 mg/kg; p.o.; daily; 8 weeks) exerts significant protective effects against high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in mice, including reducing body weight, abdominal circumference and body fat^[2].
Vitamin K2 (15-60 mg/kg; p.o.; 14 days) alleviates dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in male C57BL/6J mice^[3].