Bisoprolol (fumarate)

Bisoprolol fumarate is a potent, selective and orally active β1-adrenergic receptor blocker with little activity on β2-receptor. Bisoprolol fumarate has the potential for hypertension, coronary artery disease and stable ventricular dysfunction research^[1][2]. In Vitro: Bisoprolol fumarate (2 μM, 1 h) protects myocardial cells (H9c2) from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury^[2].
Bisoprolol fumarate (2 μM, 1 h) reduces the H/R-induced ROS production and apoptosis in H9c2 cells^[2].
Bisoprolol fumarate (2 μM, 1 h) increases AKT and GSK3β phosphorylation in H9c2 cells^[2].
Bisoprolol fumarate (100 μM, 24 h) reverses Epinephrine-inhibited emigration in cholesterol-loaded DCs (dendritic cell) through increasing in β-arrestin 2, CCR7 and PI3K phosphorylation^[3].
In Vivo: Bisoprolol fumarate (oral administration, 5 mg/kg, for 1 week) increases left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and decreases the heart rate value^[2].
Bisoprolol fumarate (oral gavage, 8 mg/kg, daily for four weeks) shows protective effects against Cadmium-induced myocardial toxicity in rats^[4].
Bisoprolol fumarate (oral gavage, 1 mg/kg, daily for 6 weeks) reversessmall conductance calcium-activated potassium channel (SK) remodeling in a volume-overload rat model^[5].