Famotine (hydrochloride)

Famotine hydrochloride (UK 2054 hydrochloride) is a broad-spectrum antiviral agent as well as an inhibitor of viral and bacterial neuraminidase. Famotine hydrochloride blocks the uptake of Influenza Virus, delays the viral eclipse phase and release, binds reversibly to influenza virus particles, and competes for host cell receptors. Famotine hydrochloride inhibits viral growth and cytopathic effects in vitro, directly inactivates viruses, and interferes with intracellular viral replication steps. Famotine hydrochloride can be used in studies related to viral infections^[1][2][3]. In Vitro:Famotine hydrochloride (14-28 μg/mL; 18 hr) inhibits the proliferation of influenza A virus strains A/PR 8/34 and A2/Singapore/1/57, as well as Newcastle disease virus, in chicken embryo allantoic membrane shell fragments^[1].
Famotine hydrochloride (5-20 μg/mL; 24 hr) at a concentration of 5 μg/mL prolongs the eclipse phase and slows the release of influenza A2/Singapore/1/57 virus in chicken embryo allantoic membrane shell fragments without reducing viral yield; at a concentration of 20 μg/mL, it further delays the above processes and reduces the final viral yield^[1].
Famotine hydrochloride (20 μg/mL; 30 min to 2 hr) inhibits the invasion of influenza virus strain A2/Singapore/1/57 into chorioallantoic membrane tissue blocks on chick embryo shells when administered either before infection or within the first 2 hours post-infection, with the strongest efficacy observed when administered prior to infection^[1].
Famotine hydrochloride (500 μg/mL; 2 hr) interacts reversibly with influenza virus particles of the A2/Singapore/1/57 strain^[1].
At a concentration of 10 μg/mL, Famotine hydrochloride inhibits the proliferation of chicken plague virus in chicken allantoic cells, with an inhibition rate of approximately 65%; it only inhibits the proliferation of chicken plague virus in chicken embryo fibroblasts under serum-free conditions, while showing no inhibitory effect under conditions containing 10% calf serum^[1].
Famotine hydrochloride inhibits the proliferation of rhinovirus type 9 in vitro in HeLa cell cultures, but fails to inhibit the proliferation of this virus in HEL-218 cell cultures^[2].
Famotine hydrochloride exhibits multi-mechanistic antiviral activity against a variety of viruses, including direct viral inactivation, inhibition of intracellular replication, or exertion of both effects simultaneously depending on the virus type^[3].