Atractyloside (potassium salt)

Atractyloside potassium salt is a powerful and specific inhibitor of mitochondrial ADP/ATP transport. Atractyloside potassium salt inhibits chloride channels from mitochondrial membranes of rat heart. Atractyloside potassium salt activates autophagy, inhibits ANT2, mTOR and promotes the activation of p-AMPK. Atractyloside potassium salt has anti-cancer effects on non-small cell lung cancer and can inhibit liver steatosis. Atractylodesin potassium salt has nephrotoxicity^{[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14]}. In Vitro:Atractyloside (7.5-15 µM, 10 min) potassium salt induces low contractile reaction of arteriolar smooth muscle through mitochondrial damage in arteriolar smooth muscle cells^[5].
Atractyloside (2.5-7.5 µM, 24 h) potassium salt activates autophagy to accelerate the degradation of TGs in FFA-treated steatosis HepG2 cells^[6].
Atractylodesin (5-100 µM, 10 min) potassium salt inhibits the translocation of 3'-phospho-5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) to rat liver Golgi vesicles^[7].
Atractylodesin (as little as 20 μM) potassium salt causes significant enzyme leakage from proximal tubules in vitro^[8].
Atractyloside (≥200 μ M, 3 h) potassium salt causes a significant increase of lipid peroxidation in liver slices^[9].
Atractyloside (1-5 µM, 48 h) potassium salt inhibits Gefitinib (HY-50895)‑resistant non‑small‑cell lung cancer cell proliferation^[10].
Atractyloside (5 mM, 48 h) potassium salt induces release of cathepsin B from purified lysosomes^[11].
Atractyloside (20 µM) potassium salt blocks the protective effect of Puerarin (HY-N0145) in isolated rat heart^[12].
In Vivo:Atractyloside (2-4 mg/kg, i.p., 2 weeks before feeding duration ends) potassium salt protects mice against liver steatosis by activation of autophagy via ANT-AMPK-mTORC1 signaling pathway^[13].
Atractyloside (50 mg/kg, i.p.) potassium salt produces a tubular nephrosis 180 min after its administration in male albino rats^[14].